I'm not a huge fan of multi-part blog posts, but this topic is such a big one for me that I'll have to make an exception.
The name stands for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, but it's difficult to ignore the obvious relationship to the surname of renowned science fiction author Isaac Asimov, author of the famous Three Laws of Robotics. Reportedly partly inspired by Astro Boy, the project started in 1986 and has made remarkable strides [cough] since then.

ASIMO is the latest model in Honda's ongoing realisation of the dreams of science fiction. The "world's most advanced humanoid robot" is the latest in a long line of bipedal robots each with their own model designation. The smallest of them all is the only one to bear the name ASIMO, though it has undergone numerous revisions since its inception in 2000, while retaining the same shape.
ASIMO is intended to bridge the gap between technology and human interaction in the most natural way possible, which is part of the reason for the decision to reduce its stature. Honda's pragmatic reasoning is that at four feet tall, ASIMO stands at eye-height to sitting humans, making it ideal for office use and assistive applications for the immobile. I'm inclined to think there's a little more to it than that.

If you look around the 'net at people's comments on ASIMO pictures and videos, the most common reaction is "just wait 'till it takes over the world". While this is often said in jest, there's certainly something a lot more menacing about an ugly six-foot mindless automaton with big square shoulders and a huge backpack full of god knows what (P2) than there is about a four-foot child-like shape, with a school bag on. Honda also routinely give it a child's voice in demonstrations, to further reinforce the image. I think it's quite appropriate, but only because it still requires very gentle treatment and has a hell of a lot of learning left to do.
So what makes ASIMO so great?
Computers can perform certain tasks much more efficiently than people. Despite this, replicating human motion and interaction remains one of the more difficult computational and design challenges. The reasons for that become obvious when you examine the mechanics of standing on one foot. The muscles around your ankle constantly twitch to compensate for shifting body weight as you instinctively adjust your posture to create a more stable centre of gravity. We do this without thinking about it, but even we don't do it particularly well. Imagine having to write down the precise parameters of every single twitch, adjustment and sensory cue. The challenges these programmers have overcome are enormous.

While pre-programming ASIMO to stand on one leg actually requires less ongoing processing than it does for humans, ASIMO's movements aren't just pre-programmed. ASIMO is capable of navigating unfamilar terrain and responding to its environment -- a much greater programming challenge than achieving a static pose. With that in mind, Honda's achievements with ASIMO are nothing short of spectacular.
ASIMO's repertoire is quite extensive. It can maintain balance while cornering and carrying a tray, or pushing a cart. It can place items on tables. It can climb and descend stairs, and perhaps more incredibly, it can run.

A robot that can walk and navigate entirely unassisted is incredible enough, but running requires that both feet be off the ground; that the robot be airborne between strides. I think it's amazing that this machine has both the balance and propulsion to launch itself off the ground and land with sufficient control for it to corner at the same time.

The latest version of ASIMO (produced in 2005) is capable of running at 6km/h, or 5km/h while cornering. Though this isn't particularly quick (due to its diminutive stature and short stride) it's still quite a dynamic event to witness.
Though primarily focused on mobility, ASIMO has many other cool features. It's able to access networks wirelessly either to receive instruction or to collect information, and it has a wealth of sensory features.
ASIMO's latest lab video showcasing some of its cooler qualities
It can detect and identify several moving objects simultaneously, and is capable of recognising faces as they enter its field of view. ASIMO can also recognise postures or gestures and respond accordingly. If you wave to ASIMO, it will wave back and greet you using your name. In fact, ASIMO can be directed by gesture, and also guide humans by making gestures itself.
ASIMO is also capable of identifying sounds. It can respond to its name and it will turn toward you when you speak to it, which is decidedly more polite than a lot of humans.
Over the years, I've mentioned ASIMO to a few people, and I have to say I'm really struggling with how little people seem to care, or how generally disinterested they are in the whole topic. I just don't understand how people can be underwhelmed by the prospect of such a dramatic change in the way we interact with technology... and that's ignoring the blindingly obvious applications this technology has in prosthetics.
I hope that my enthusiasm is at least a little contagious. People should stop wondering whether they'll own a robot and start thinking about what they'd like it to do once they have one. Science fiction isn't that far away.